Introduction: The study was designed to validate a Persian translate of 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for screening depression in clinical setting. Method: It was a cross sectional study in two psychiatric clinics. 61 Major Depressive Disorder patients (according to Structural Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), and 61 without this diagnosis entred through convenience sampling. PHQ-9 was given to patients and controls. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC and paired T test), Cronbach's alpha coefficient were calculated for test-retest reliability and internal consistency respectively. ROC curves were used to calculate sensitivity and specificity of the test. Results: According to the ROC curve results, PHQ-9 score equal or greater than 12 offers the greatest Youden Index for the diagnosis of major depression episode (MDE), with a sensitivity and specificity of 80. 3% and 78. 7%, respectively. Conclusion: according to our study Persian type of PHQ-9 is a valid and reliable tool for diagnosing major deopressive episodes in clinical settings. It is usefull for detection of MDE severity as well.

Background: The experience of infertility can be extremely stressful and associated with a range of psychiatric problems in infertile women. Generally; some of the risk factors which may lead to psychiatric problem are repeated unsuccessful treatment of infertility, low socioeconomic status, lack of partner support, being female, life events, etc. Objective: In this study, we have analyzed the psychiatric problems of infertile women by means of primary health questionnaire (PHQ). Materials and methods: In a cross sectional study 100 infertile women were selected and advised to fill up PHQ. After obtaining their consents psychiatric problems such as somatoform, panic, other anxiety disorder major depressive and other depressive disorders, were assessed, and their results were analyzed and compared with these results from 98 fertile women. Results: According to PHQ results major depression and anxiety disorders were significantly more frequent in infertile women, but considering somatoform and panic disorder there was no significant difference between infertile and fertile women. Conclusions: Infertility may be considered as one of the major casual factor in major depressive and anxiety disorders in association with other social problems. 

Background: Psychological factors, such as depression and anxiety are among the risk factors in coronary heart disease (CHD). Therefore, we need the necessary interventions in this field to quickly diagnose these disorders. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of Patient Health questionnaires-4 (PHQ-4) as a screening tool for depression and anxiety in CHD patients in Iran. Methods: In this study, 279 CHD patients completed PHQ-4, Patient Health questionnaires-9 (PHQ-9), generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale, and Beck depression inventory version-II (BDI-II). Semi-structured clinical interviews (SCID) based on DSM-5 were also used to diagnose depression and anxiety. Results: Cronbach’ s alpha for PHQ-2, GAD-2, and PHQ-4 were reported to be 0. 79, 0. 75, and 0. 78 respectively. The correlations of the PHQ-4 questionnaire with the BDI-II, GAD-7, GAD-2, PHQ-9, and PHQ-2 were found to be 0. 72, 0. 63, 0. 85, 0. 79, and 0. 88 respectively. The results of fitting one-factor and two-factor models showed that the two-factor model has a more suitable fit. The optimal cut-off point of PHQ-4  7 to measure depression and anxiety concurrently (sensitivity = 0. 86, specificity = 0. 90, and the area under the curve was 0. 93 (CI = 0. 90-0. 96). Conclusions: The PHQ-4 questionnaire is an appropriate tool for diagnosis of and screening for depression and anxiety in the population of CHD patients.

Background: The relationship between anemia and depression remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the association between hemoglobin (Hb) levels and depressive symptoms. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: This study was conducted using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2005–2018. Hb levels were obtained from laboratory files, and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Multivariable logistic regression analysis and smoothing plots were performed to examine the relationship between anemia and depression, including potential nonlinear associations. Results: The study included 6008 male adults. Multivariable analysis revealed that anemia was associated with an increased odds ratio for mild (OR=1. 49, 95% CI: 1. 06, 2. 10) and moderate (OR=2. 05, 95% CI: 1. 14-3. 70) anemia. Additionally, each additional g/dL of Hb was significantly inversely associated with developing depression (OR=0. 91, 95% CI: 0. 85, 0. 96). A nonlinear relationship was detected between Hb and depression, with an inflection point at 15 g/dL. Below this threshold, there was a significantly negative association between Hb and depression (OR=0. 88, 95% CI: 0. 79, 0. 98),no significant relationship was observed above it (OR=1. 05, 95% CI: 0. 84, 1. 31). Conclusion: Anemia was positively associated with depression in non-White American men. A nonlinear relationship between Hb and depression was detected, and it had a saturation effect. A significant negative correlation with depression was observed when the Hb level was below 15 g/dL.